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The TP4056 Micro USB 5V 1A 18650 Lithium Battery Charger Board Protection Module is a popular and affordable charging solution used for charging 3.7V 18650 lithium-ion batteries. This module includes the TP4056 charging IC, which is designed for safely charging single-cell lithium-ion or lithium-polymer batteries.

Key Features:

1. Micro USB Input: This module has a Micro USB port for easy charging, making it convenient to power with a standard 5V USB adapter or power bank.

2. Charging IC - TP4056: The heart of this module is the TP4056 chip, which is a highly efficient lithium-ion battery charger IC designed to charge a 3.7V lithium battery. The chip manages both the charging and the protection of the battery.

3. Charging Current (1A): The module can charge at a maximum current of 1A, which allows for faster charging of the battery compared to lower current chargers.

4. Overcharge Protection: The TP4056 automatically stops charging when the battery reaches its full charge, typically at 4.2V, preventing overcharging that could damage the battery.

5. Under-voltage Protection: The charger includes under-voltage protection to prevent discharging the battery below safe voltage levels (usually 3.0V), which can also protect the battery from damage.

6. Battery Protection: Many TP4056 modules come with an additional protection circuit that ensures the battery does not discharge too deeply (below 2.5V to 3.0V) and also offers short circuit and overcurrent protection.

7. Status LEDs: Most modules come with two LED indicators that show the charging status:

   • Red LED: Charging is in progress.
   • Blue or Green LED: Battery is fully charged.

8. Compact Design: The TP4056 module is very small, making it ideal for portable projects, DIY battery packs, and other compact electronics requiring a rechargeable battery.

Typical Use Case:

This module is commonly used in projects that require a rechargeable battery, such as:

• Arduino-based projects that require portable power.
• Power banks for mobile devices.
• DIY electronics like portable lights, fans, or toys.

Pinout and Connections:

The TP4056 module typically has the following pins:

• B+ (Pin 2): Connect to the positive terminal of the 18650 battery.
• B- (Pin 3): Connect to the negative terminal of the 18650 battery.
• IN+ (Pin 1): Connect to 5V input from a USB power source (Micro USB or 5V pin from a power supply).
• IN- (Pin 4): Connect to GND (Ground).
• OUT+ (Pin 5): This pin is usually not used in charging but can be used for power output from the battery (if the module is designed to support this).
• OUT- (Pin 6): Similarly, this is for battery output.

How to Use the TP4056 Module:

1. Connect the battery: Attach the 18650 battery to the B+ and B- terminals of the module.
2. Connect the charging input: Use a standard 5V micro USB cable to connect the IN+ and IN- pins to a 5V power source.
3. Charging: Once connected, the module will begin charging the 18650 battery. The red LED will be on during charging, and when the battery reaches full charge (4.2V), the green or blue LED will light up.
4. Using the power: If the module is equipped with battery output pins, you can draw power from OUT+ and OUT- to power your circuit.

Advantages of Using the TP4056 Module:

• Simple to use: Just connect a 18650 battery and apply 5V input via Micro USB, and it handles the rest.
• Compact and efficient: The small size and simplicity make it perfect for compact DIY projects.
• Safety features: The built-in protections ensure safe charging, which is important for lithium-ion batteries, as they can be dangerous if mishandled.
• Cost-effective: The TP4056 module is very inexpensive and readily available from various electronics suppliers.

Example Applications:

1. Arduino Projects: A common use is in battery-powered Arduino projects, where the TP4056 module provides a reliable and safe charging solution for the 18650 lithium battery.
2. Portable Power Bank: By adding a protection circuit and using the OUT+ and OUT- pins, you can create a portable power bank.
3. Robotics: Battery-powered robots that require a rechargeable power source can use the TP4056 module to charge the 18650 batteries.
4. LED Lighting: Portable LED lights can be powered and charged using this module.

Important Considerations:

• Always ensure that you are using a protected 18650 battery when using these modules, especially if you're using the OUT+ and OUT- pins for powering a load. This will help prevent over-discharge or damage to the battery.
• The TP4056 module should be used with caution when charging batteries. It is not designed for use with multiple batteries or for charging batteries in series or parallel. Use it with a single 18650 battery only.

In summary, the TP4056 Micro USB 5V 1A 18650 Lithium Battery Charger Board Protection Module is a simple, inexpensive, and effective solution for charging 18650 lithium-ion batteries, with essential protection features and a small form factor suitable for a wide range of DIY electronics projects.